Question 1

An outbreak of hepatitis A originating in a popular chain of restaurants serving fresh produce necessitated the rapid analysis of the viral genome in order to trace its source.  The genome was scanned and analyzed multiple times to reduce errors.  This is an example of ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  whole genome sequencing
B)  PFGE
C)  FISH
D)  microarraysE) C) and D)
F) A) and B)

Question 2

A student nurse on a medical-surgical floor is caring for a 62-year-old previously healthy female. The patient has been admitted for an infectious disease work-up. She has been experiencing generalized pain and nausea for the past three weeks, and recently developed a fever. The student nurse prepares to assist the RN in collecting blood for the following lab tests: complete blood count (CBC) , C-reactive protein (CRP) , eosinophil sedimentation rate (ESR) , blood culture, urine culture, and a lumbar puncture with cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)  culture and cell count. The nurse is also collecting a sputum culture, as well as a respiratory PCR by nasopharyngeal suction. 
-The patient's urine culture was collected using a clean-catch method.After inoculation and incubation,several organisms were identified in amounts that were reported as normal microbial flora.Which of the following statements by the student nurse indicates proper understanding of the findings?

Accepted Answer

A)  The patient is superinfected and needs immediate antimicrobial treatment.
B)  The specimen was contaminated and another clean-catch urine specimen needs to be cultured.
C)  The results point to an infection,but due to multiple organisms,further testing needs to be done to isolate the offending microbe.
D)  This is a common finding due to contamination of a clean-catch urine sample with normal microbiota from the urogenital area.E) A) and D)
F) None of the above

Question 3

FISH and microarrays both use probes to hybridize to sequences of the pathogen genome.  They differ in that ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  FISH involves adding fluorescently labeled probes directly to a patient's sample,whereas microarrays involve the attachment of thousands of potential gene sequences from pathogens to an absorbent plate and adding DNA from the patient's sample to it,allowing matching sequences to hybridize
B)  microarrays involve adding fluorescently labeled probes directly to a patient's sample,whereas FISH involves the attachment of thousands of potential gene sequences from pathogens to an absorbent plate and adding DNA from the patient's sample to it,allowing matching sequences to hybridize
C)  FISH involves scanning and analyzing the pathogen genome multiple times,whereas microarrays involve separating DNA samples into fragments using restriction enzymes,then exposing the fragments to varying voltage levels from three different directions
D)  microarrays involve scanning and analyzing the pathogen genome multiple times,whereas FISH involves separating DNA samples into fragments using restriction enzymes,then exposing the fragments to varying voltage levels from three different directionsE) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 4

The three main techniques for identifying microbes are ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  phenotypic,immunologic,and genotypic
B)  microscopic,macroscopic,and biochemical
C)  PCR,electrophoresis,and biochemical
D)  DNA,RNA,and antibodiesE) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 5

Microorganisms can be identified from a patient sample using biochemical tests based on the premise that ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  organisms have a unique combination of metabolic enzymes that are displayed when color-changing dyes are utilized to demonstrate their physiological response to specific substrates
B)  organisms display specific antigens that can be bound by color-changing antibodies that allow the clinician to locate and identify the pathogen
C)  organisms will not grow on certain media types and can be selected for on others
D)  bacteriophages infect certain bacterial cells and the specificity can be used to identify the organismE) A) and D)
F) B) and C)

Question 6

The benefit of "lab on a chip" technology over standard microarrays is that ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  lab on a chip technology has miniaturized testing to carry out analyses using minute amounts of reagents,whereas microarrays still require larger volumes of reagents in comparison
B)  lab on a chip technology requires little technical training compared to analyses using microarrays
C)  lab on a chip technology is invaluable for developing countries,where the reagents,refrigeration and trained personnel required for microarrays are limited
D)  All of the choices are benefits of "lab on a chip" technology.E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 7

Horseradish peroxidase and alkaline phosphatase are enzymes used in ________ tests.

Accepted Answer

A)  Western blot
B)  ELISA
C)  direct fluorescent antibody
D)  indirect fluorescent antibody
E)  None of the choices are correct.F) A) and B)
G) B) and E)

Question 8

In precipitation tests,the antigen ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  is a soluble molecule
B)  is an insoluble molecule
C)  is a whole cell
D)  antibody complex settles to the bottom of the tube
E)  None of the choices are correct.F) None of the above
G) C) and E)

Question 9

Phage typing is useful in identifying ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  Treponema pallidum
B)  Mycobacterium leprae
C)  Streptococcus
D)  Salmonella
E)  ClostridiumF) B) and D)
G) A) and E)

Question 10

The tuberculin test is an example of an in vitro serological test.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 11

Fluorescent dye can be used as a label to trace antibody-antigen reactions in an ELISA assay.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 12

Syphilis can be diagnosed most easily by ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  the Weil-Felix reaction
B)  direct fluorescence
C)  ELISA
D)  agglutination
E)  immunochromatographyF) B) and C)
G) None of the above

Question 13

The ability to miniaturize genetic testing on a chip much smaller than a microarray plate will see its greatest benefit in developed countries so the large corporations can process genetic data much more efficiently.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 14

A 16-year-old male with a low-grade fever, and large and painful red sores around his lips is being evaluated at a pediatric clinic. He has a PCR test pending that was swabbed from the sores, as well as a blood culture with Gram stain, and nasopharyngeal specimen for microscopic examination.
-Which of the following can be determined from phenotypic assessment of the nasopharyngeal sample?

Accepted Answer

A)  Cellular shape,size,and arrangement
B)  The organism's DNA
C)  The presence of antibodies
D)  The organism's RNAE) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 15

A protein fingerprint of a patient's blood sample can be created by adding the sample to a metal plate and striking it with a laser.This causes the sample to become ionized and the ions from the sample are guided into a machine that separates them and identifies them according to their mass-to-charge ratio.  This process describes ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  MALDI-TOF
B)  "lab on a chip"
C)  PFGE
D)  PCR
E)  FISHF) All of the above
G) A) and B)

Question 16

It is necessary to do lab tests to diagnose all diseases.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 17

The three main techniques for identifying microorganisms from patient samples are specificity,sensitivity,and biochemical.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 18

A 16-year-old male with a low-grade fever, and large and painful red sores around his lips is being evaluated at a pediatric clinic. He has a PCR test pending that was swabbed from the sores, as well as a blood culture with Gram stain, and nasopharyngeal specimen for microscopic examination.
-Analysis of the laboratory samples yield a diagnosis of herpes simplex virus.The patient's mother is upset,as she does not believe her son is sexually active.The nurse explains that the presence of HSV does not imply sexual contact and provides education about the accuracy of the results.Which of the following is the best rationale for confidence in the diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

A)  Signs and symptoms are diagnostic.
B)  PCR tests are highly sensitive and specific.
C)  The Gram stain is an excellent screen for HSV.
D)  HSV can be definitively identified by light microscopy.E) C) and D)
F) B) and C)

Question 19

The CDC operates a national laboratory network called PulseNet,that compiles DNA fingerprinting data and connects foodborne illness cases so outbreaks can be detected rapidly.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 20

Precipitation tests involve all of the following except ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  they rely on formation of visible clumps for detection
B)  they include the VDRL test for syphilis
C)  they are often performed in agar gels
D)  they can be done in a test tube by carefully adding antiserum over antigen solution
E)  a cloudy or opaque zone developing where antigen and antibody reactF) B) and C)
G) A) and B)

Exam 15: Diagnosing Infections

It is necessary to do lab tests to diagnose all diseases.

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

The CDC operates a national laboratory network called PulseNet,that compiles DNA fingerprinting data and connects foodborne illness cases so outbreaks can be detected rapidly.

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Precipitation tests involve all of the following except ________.

Correct Answer
verified

In precipitation tests,the antigen ________.

Correct Answer
verified

The three main techniques for identifying microbes are ________.

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

The benefit of "lab on a chip" technology over standard microarrays is that ________.

Correct Answer
verified

The tuberculin test is an example of an in vitro serological test.

Correct Answer
verified

FISH and microarrays both use probes to hybridize to sequences of the pathogen genome. They differ in that ________.

Correct Answer
verified

Horseradish peroxidase and alkaline phosphatase are enzymes used in ________ tests.

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Phage typing is useful in identifying ________.

Correct Answer
verified

Microorganisms can be identified from a patient sample using biochemical tests based on the premise that ________.

Correct Answer
verified

An outbreak of hepatitis A originating in a popular chain of restaurants serving fresh produce necessitated the rapid analysis of the viral genome in order to trace its source. The genome was scanned and analyzed multiple times to reduce errors. This is an example of ________.

Correct Answer
verified

The ability to miniaturize genetic testing on a chip much smaller than a microarray plate will see its greatest benefit in developed countries so the large corporations can process genetic data much more efficiently.

Correct Answer
verified

The three main techniques for identifying microorganisms from patient samples are specificity,sensitivity,and biochemical.

Correct Answer
verified

Syphilis can be diagnosed most easily by ________.

Correct Answer
verified

Fluorescent dye can be used as a label to trace antibody-antigen reactions in an ELISA assay.

Correct Answer
verified

Exam 15: Diagnosing Infections

It is necessary to do lab tests to diagnose all diseases.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The CDC operates a national laboratory network called PulseNet,that compiles DNA fingerprinting data and connects foodborne illness cases so outbreaks can be detected rapidly.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Precipitation tests involve all of the following except ________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In precipitation tests,the antigen ________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The three main techniques for identifying microbes are ________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The benefit of "lab on a chip" technology over standard microarrays is that ________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The tuberculin test is an example of an in vitro serological test.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

FISH and microarrays both use probes to hybridize to sequences of the pathogen genome. They differ in that ________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Horseradish peroxidase and alkaline phosphatase are enzymes used in ________ tests.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Phage typing is useful in identifying ________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Microorganisms can be identified from a patient sample using biochemical tests based on the premise that ________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

An outbreak of hepatitis A originating in a popular chain of restaurants serving fresh produce necessitated the rapid analysis of the viral genome in order to trace its source. The genome was scanned and analyzed multiple times to reduce errors. This is an example of ________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The ability to miniaturize genetic testing on a chip much smaller than a microarray plate will see its greatest benefit in developed countries so the large corporations can process genetic data much more efficiently.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The three main techniques for identifying microorganisms from patient samples are specificity,sensitivity,and biochemical.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Syphilis can be diagnosed most easily by ________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Fluorescent dye can be used as a label to trace antibody-antigen reactions in an ELISA assay.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Correct Answer
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Correct Answer
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Correct Answer
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