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Exam 8: Multivariate Correlational Research

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Question 21

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Which of the following studies is an example of a longitudinal design?

A) Dr. Jonason's study in which he measured job satisfaction in a group of Chinese factory workers and a group of American factory workers
B) Dr. Stabler's study in which he measured teenagers' experiences with bullying in sixth grade and their aggressive tendencies in 12th grade
C) Dr. Benson's study in which she measured people's spatial manipulation ability in August and measured their ability again in May after they had taken two semesters of art classes
D) Both b and c are longitudinal designs
E) All of the above are longitudinal designs

F) D) and E)
G) B) and D)

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Question 22

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RESEARCH STUDY 8.3 Dr. Uchida is a clinical psychologist who is curious about how people deal with natural disasters (e.g., hurricanes, tornados, earthquakes) . His previous research suggests that there is a relationship between how much people feel their emotional well-being was affected by the natural disaster and their likelihood of developing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. However, he is curious as to whether the effect of emotional well-being goes through another variable, that of social support. He conducts a study in which he asks 174 men and women affected by the 2011 tsunami in Japan to report on how their well-being was affected by the tsunami, the social support felt after the storm, and the number of PTSD symptoms. Dr. Uchida finds support for his proposed relationship. However, in examining his data more closely, he finds that the relationship between emotional well-being and PTSD symptoms is stronger for men than for women. -Refer to Research Study 8.3 above to answer the following question. Dr.Uchida's finding that the relationship between emotional well-being and PTSD symptoms is stronger for men than for women suggests which of the following?

A) Participant sex is a moderating variable.
B) Emotional well-being is a mediating variable.
C) Dr. Uchida's study was conducted incorrectly.
D) Dr. Uchida's study was conducted unethically.
E) Both b and c are mediating variables.

F) A) and D)
G) C) and D)

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Question 23

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All of the following are true of betas and correlation coefficients EXCEPT:

In a multiple regression design,___________ is to independent variable as _____________ is to dependent variable.

How do multiple regression designs help rule out third variables?

Which of the following is NOT a problem with journalists ignoring the importance of pattern and parsimony in research?

RESEARCH STUDY 8.6 Dr. Uchida is a clinical psychologist who is curious about how people deal with natural disasters (e.g., hurricanes, tornados). His previous research suggests that there is a relationship between how much people feel that their emotional well-being was affected by the natural disaster and their likelihood of developing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. However, he is curious whether the effect of emotional well-being goes through another variable, that of social support. He conducts a study in which he asks 174 men and women affected by the 2011 tsunami in Japan to report on how their well-being was affected by the tsunami, the social support felt after the storm, and the number of PTSD symptoms. Dr. Uchida finds support for his proposed relationship. However, in examining his data more closely, he finds that the relationship between emotional well-being and PTSD symptoms is stronger for men than for women. -Refer to Research Study 8.6 above to answer the following question. State Dr.Uchida's hypothesis and sketch a diagram of this hypothesized relationship.

RESEARCH STUDY 8.3 Dr. Uchida is a clinical psychologist who is curious about how people deal with natural disasters (e.g., hurricanes, tornados, earthquakes) . His previous research suggests that there is a relationship between how much people feel their emotional well-being was affected by the natural disaster and their likelihood of developing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. However, he is curious as to whether the effect of emotional well-being goes through another variable, that of social support. He conducts a study in which he asks 174 men and women affected by the 2011 tsunami in Japan to report on how their well-being was affected by the tsunami, the social support felt after the storm, and the number of PTSD symptoms. Dr. Uchida finds support for his proposed relationship. However, in examining his data more closely, he finds that the relationship between emotional well-being and PTSD symptoms is stronger for men than for women. -Refer to Research Study 8.3 above to answer the following question. Which of the following is the mediating variable in Dr.Uchida's hypothesis?

RESEARCH STUDY 8.5 Dr. Nguyen is a psychologist who studies legal decision making. Specifically, he is curious about the factors that influence the sentences juries give to defendants that are irrelevant to the crime committed (known as extra-legal factors). To study this further, he samples a group of jury-eligible adults from the Memphis area. He provides them with the fact pattern to a particular case and allows them to watch the closing statements from the trial. He then asks them to provide a sentence (in months) for the defendant. In addition, he measures two legal factors (the number of arguments made by the prosecuting attorney and the length of time the defense attorney speaks during his or her closing argument) and two extra-legal factors (how attractive the participants think the defendant is [higher scores indicate higher ratings of attractiveness] and how many legal televisions shows the participants watch). The data are below. -Refer to Research Study 8.5 above to answer the following question. Explain whether Dr.Nguyen is correct in thinking that extra-legal factors are more important in legal decision making than legal factors.

RESEARCH STUDY 8.1 Dr. Farah is an educational psychologist who is interested in studying the link between homework and academic achievement. Over the years, several researchers have found a link between the two, suggesting that doing homework is associated with higher grades. However, Dr. Farah is curious about the possible causal link between the two variables. She conducts the following study. At the beginning of the spring semester, Dr. Farah measures the number of hours her students spend doing homework during the preceding week and their fall GPA (a measure of academic achievement) . At the end of the semester, Dr. Farah measures the same variables again (the hours spent doing homework the preceding week and their spring GPA) . She finds the following correlations. -Refer to Research Study 8.1 above to answer the following question. Of the correlations listed,how many are cross-sectional correlations?

RESEARCH STUDY 8.1 Dr. Farah is an educational psychologist who is interested in studying the link between homework and academic achievement. Over the years, several researchers have found a link between the two, suggesting that doing homework is associated with higher grades. However, Dr. Farah is curious about the possible causal link between the two variables. She conducts the following study. At the beginning of the spring semester, Dr. Farah measures the number of hours her students spend doing homework during the preceding week and their fall GPA (a measure of academic achievement) . At the end of the semester, Dr. Farah measures the same variables again (the hours spent doing homework the preceding week and their spring GPA) . She finds the following correlations. -Refer to Research Study 8.1 above to answer the following question. Based on her pattern of correlations,which of the following can Dr.Farah safely conclude?

Name two consequences of journalists reporting on single studies rather than reporting on patterns of data.

RESEARCH STUDY 8.1 Dr. Farah is an educational psychologist who is interested in studying the link between homework and academic achievement. Over the years, several researchers have found a link between the two, suggesting that doing homework is associated with higher grades. However, Dr. Farah is curious about the possible causal link between the two variables. She conducts the following study. At the beginning of the spring semester, Dr. Farah measures the number of hours her students spend doing homework during the preceding week and their fall GPA (a measure of academic achievement) . At the end of the semester, Dr. Farah measures the same variables again (the hours spent doing homework the preceding week and their spring GPA) . She finds the following correlations. -Refer to Research Study 8.1 above to answer the following question. For Dr.Farah to make the claim that homework causes academic achievement,which correlation does she predict will NOT be significant?

RESEARCH STUDY 8.1 Dr. Farah is an educational psychologist who is interested in studying the link between homework and academic achievement. Over the years, several researchers have found a link between the two, suggesting that doing homework is associated with higher grades. However, Dr. Farah is curious about the possible causal link between the two variables. She conducts the following study. At the beginning of the spring semester, Dr. Farah measures the number of hours her students spend doing homework during the preceding week and their fall GPA (a measure of academic achievement) . At the end of the semester, Dr. Farah measures the same variables again (the hours spent doing homework the preceding week and their spring GPA) . She finds the following correlations. -Refer to Research Study 8.1 above to answer the following question. A colleague of Dr.Farah's asks her why she did not simply conduct an experiment.Which of the following is a probable reason for Dr.Farah's choice not to conduct an experiment?

RESEARCH STUDY 8.1 Dr. Farah is an educational psychologist who is interested in studying the link between homework and academic achievement. Over the years, several researchers have found a link between the two, suggesting that doing homework is associated with higher grades. However, Dr. Farah is curious about the possible causal link between the two variables. She conducts the following study. At the beginning of the spring semester, Dr. Farah measures the number of hours her students spend doing homework during the preceding week and their fall GPA (a measure of academic achievement) . At the end of the semester, Dr. Farah measures the same variables again (the hours spent doing homework the preceding week and their spring GPA) . She finds the following correlations. -Refer to Research Study 8.1 above to answer the following question. Which of the following correlations is a cross-lag correlation?

RESEARCH STUDY 8.1 Dr. Farah is an educational psychologist who is interested in studying the link between homework and academic achievement. Over the years, several researchers have found a link between the two, suggesting that doing homework is associated with higher grades. However, Dr. Farah is curious about the possible causal link between the two variables. She conducts the following study. At the beginning of the spring semester, Dr. Farah measures the number of hours her students spend doing homework during the preceding week and their fall GPA (a measure of academic achievement) . At the end of the semester, Dr. Farah measures the same variables again (the hours spent doing homework the preceding week and their spring GPA) . She finds the following correlations. -Refer to Research Study 8.1 above to answer the following question. Correlation B is an example of which of the following types of correlations?

Cross-lag correlations are important for answering/addressing which of the following rules of causation?

Explain why longitudinal designs can help researchers make causal statements.If a researcher is hoping to make a causal statement,why would a researcher use a longitudinal design instead of an experimental design?

RESEARCH STUDY 8.5 Dr. Nguyen is a psychologist who studies legal decision making. Specifically, he is curious about the factors that influence the sentences juries give to defendants that are irrelevant to the crime committed (known as extra-legal factors). To study this further, he samples a group of jury-eligible adults from the Memphis area. He provides them with the fact pattern to a particular case and allows them to watch the closing statements from the trial. He then asks them to provide a sentence (in months) for the defendant. In addition, he measures two legal factors (the number of arguments made by the prosecuting attorney and the length of time the defense attorney speaks during his or her closing argument) and two extra-legal factors (how attractive the participants think the defendant is [higher scores indicate higher ratings of attractiveness] and how many legal televisions shows the participants watch). The data are below. -Refer to Research Study 8.5 above to answer the following question. List the predictor and dependent/criterion variables in Dr.Nguyen's study.

According to the text,when researchers conduct longitudinal research,the type of correlation they are most interested in is which of the following?