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The wings of a bird and the wings of a bat both form from the front appendages (arms) .The bird wing is covered by feathers,and the bat wing consists of a thin layer of skin stretched between the "finger" bones.Are the wings of the bird and bat homologous or analogous?


A) homologous,because they evolved from the same body part
B) analogous,because birds' flight requires feathers and bats use skin; both are wings,but they evolved differently
C) both; they are homologous because they both evolved from a front appendage,but analogous because they evolved differently
D) neither,because birds and bats do not share a recent common ancestor

E) B) and C)
F) A) and C)

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The population of a cactus species in a particular area has two to seven spines with an average of four spines per square centimeter of surface area.Cacti with fewer than four spines per square centimeter are more easily eaten by the wild boars thriving in the area.Over time,the population of this cactus species in this area have an average of six spines per square centimeter of surface area.This is an example of


A) disruptive selection.
B) directional selection.
C) stabilizing selection.
D) genetic drift.

E) A) and B)
F) C) and D)

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B

How do natural selection and sexual selection differ?


A) Natural selection increases the frequency of alleles that contribute to survival,but sexual selection may increase the frequency of alleles that are not beneficial to survival.
B) Natural selection contributes to genetic drift,but sexual selection contributes to gene flow.
C) Natural selection is more random than sexual selection.
D) Natural selection increases the fitness of an allele,but sexual selection increases the dimorphism of an allele.

E) All of the above
F) A) and C)

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A used car is shipped from Australia to the United States.Stowed away in the trunk of the car is a piece of wood infected with Australian termites.Once in the United States,the buyer of the car finds the rotting wood and dumps it on the side of the road.The termites survive and establish a colony on the side of the road but do not mate with local termite populations.This is an example of


A) genetic drift.
B) mutation.
C) natural selection.
D) gene flow.

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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Natural selection and other mechanisms of evolution act upon the ________ that result from the novel genotypes produced by mutations.

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Around 12,000 years ago,a massive extinction event decimated about 75 percent of the world's large mammal populations.A small number of cheetahs survived this event and began to reproduce.Discuss the implications of this event on the genetic diversity of today's cheetah population.

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This mass extinction followed by a few cheetahs reproducing to establish a new population is an example of a genetic bottleneck.Because there were few cheetahs to begin reproducing,there would be lots of inbreeding and a limited variety in their gene pool.Without a great deal of heritable mutations (mutations that can be passed from one generation to the next),today's cheetah population would be very similar to those few survivors and very similar to each other.The lack of genetic diversity caused by a genetic bottleneck can result in a concentration of unfortunate genetic disorders in the population.

Which of the following is true with regard to mutations?


A) Mutations occur in response to environmental pressures.
B) Mutations are more common in slowly growing organisms.
C) Mutations appear without regard to environmental pressures.
D) Several mutations must occur at one time for a new phenotype to appear.

E) None of the above
F) All of the above

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While on a camping trip,Brian collects a white tadpole from a pond and takes it home.The tadpole develops into a white bullfrog.When the frog gets too big,he releases it into a local pond.The next year,several white bullfrogs are observed in the pond.This is an example of


A) genetic drift.
B) natural selection.
C) gene flow.
D) sexual selection.

E) A) and B)
F) All of the above

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When similar environmental pressures,such as permafrost in low-altitude tundra and permafrost in high-altitude alpine tundra,cause genetically distantly related organisms to evolve similar structures for survival and reproduction under similar conditions,________ has occurred.

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convergent...

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Alex is a student with Strep throat (caused by a strain of bacterium) who is given a prescription for an antibiotic and is told to take the drug for two weeks.After a week,he feels better and stops taking the drug.Two months later,Alex again shows symptoms of Strep throat and decides to finish the leftover antibiotic rather than going to the doctor again.Two months after that,he develops Strep throat for a third time and returns to the doctor.This time,the antibiotic does not work.The doctor runs a test and discovers that the bacterial strain Alex is carrying is antibiotic resistant.What most likely happened?


A) Because the use of antibiotics lowers the effectiveness of the immune system,the student continually reinfected himself with the bacteria.The third time,the student happened to be reinfected with a resistant strain.
B) When the student stopped taking the drug,a small number of bacteria-those that were more drug resistant-still survived in his body.Those bacteria repopulated his throat and,over time,drug-resistant alleles became more common.
C) The student must have eaten produce that had been genetically engineered with antibiotic-resistant genes.When he consumed them,the bacteria in the student's throat picked up these genes through horizontal gene transfer.
D) The antibiotic caused mutations in the bacterium.The more exposure to the antibiotic,the more mutations.

E) A) and C)
F) A) and D)

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Insecticides are used to kill insects.However,insecticide-resistant insects are being found.What is the mechanism for this new insect trait?


A) An insect with a random mutation is not killed by the insecticide and reproduces.
B) Exposing insects to insecticides leads to mutations,which make the insects resistant.
C) Human interference with natural processes leads to genetic drift,which results in resistant insects.
D) Insecticides kill all the insects in a population,and a different species of resistant insects colonizes the available resources.

E) B) and C)
F) C) and D)

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Disruptive selection operates whenever


A) natural selection is disrupted by genetic drift.
B) there is a balanced gene pool.
C) only the smallest individuals survive.
D) both extremes of the phenotype are more successful.

E) C) and D)
F) B) and D)

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Two populations of mice exist: one lives in an area with light rocks and the other lives in an area of dark rocks.A dark mouse from the population living on dark rocks migrates to the area of light rocks and breeds with mice there.Will this alter the allele frequency in the population? Discuss changes that may or may not be seen in the next generation and in following generations.

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The dark-colored mouse will add dark all...

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Which of the following is NOT a mode of natural selection?


A) directional selection
B) disruptive selection
C) dormant selection
D) stabilizing selection

E) B) and D)
F) All of the above

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Propose an explanation for why the circumference of newborn babies' heads would act as a stabilizing selective force in a population of humans that does not have access to modern medical care.

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As with the baby's overall size,babies w...

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Bacteria often store genes on small,circular pieces of DNA called plasmids.The process of transmitting these plasmids and the genes they contain to other bacteria is called ________ and is an example of gene flow.

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horizontal...

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Provide an example of analogous traits in two organisms and explain how/why those traits evolved in such distantly related organisms.

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Possible answers may read like the follo...

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Which of the following statements concerning evolution is FALSE?


A) Natural selection requires variation in the population.
B) An individual that is better adapted than others in a population will always be more reproductively successful.
C) Genetic drift causes little evolutionary change in large populations.
D) Evolution involves a change of frequency of alleles in the gene pool.

E) A) and D)
F) None of the above

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B

If the size of a population drops for at least one generation and causes a loss of genetic variation,a ________ occurs.

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During gene flow,


A) chance events alter the gene pool of a population.
B) new individuals contribute their alleles to the gene pool of a population.
C) alleles that make an individual more successful move from one population to another.
D) crossing-over creates new combinations of alleles during gamete formation.

E) B) and D)
F) All of the above

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